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''Cyathea australis'', also known as the Rough Tree Fern, is a species of tree fern native to southeastern Queensland, New South Wales and southern Victoria in Australia, as well as Tasmania and Norfolk Island. It grows in moist shady forest, both coastal and montane, at an altitude of up to 1280 m, often in the company of ''Dicksonia antarctica''. The massive erect trunk is usually up to 12 m tall, although specimens reaching 20 m have been reported from Queensland, Australia. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and may reach 4 m in length, occasionally even 6 m. These form a distinctive crown that is dark green above and lighter green below. The Tree Fern has quite adventitious roots, tubercles and hair-like follicles on its ‘trunk’.〔http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/cyathea-spp.html〕 Plants growing in southern Australia, often lose their fronds by the end of winter, as is the case with ''Cyathea dregei'' in South Africa. Characteristically of this species, stipe bases are often retained around the trunk long after withering. They are covered with scales and conical, blunt spines towards the base. The scales range in colour from shiny brown to bicoloured (pale and brown) and are often distinctly twisted. Sori are circular and occur on either side of the fertile pinnule midvein. True indusia are absent, although reduced scales may encircle the sori. ''C. australis'' is a highly variable taxon, with several subspecies and varieties. ''C. australis'' is a highly variable species. Plants from Norfolk Island, belonging to the subspecies ''norfolkensis'', are larger, more robust and differ primarily in scale characteristics. They are rare in cultivation. Further study is needed to determine whether this taxon represents a separate species or not. ''C. australis'' appears to be related to ''Cyathea woollsiana''. ''C. australis'' was described by Robert Brown in 1810 from a specimen collected on King Island in Bass Strait, off the coast of Tasmania. It is the type for the genus ''Alsophila'', which has now been reduced to a section. The specific epithet ''australis'' means "southern" and refers to this southerly location. In its montane range, ''C. australis'' is ecologically important as it provides the nesting substrate for ''Exoneura robusta'', a native species of reed bee. These bees almost exclusively build their nests in the pith of dead ''C. australis'' fronds.〔Cronin, Adam L. "Social flexibility in a primitively social allodapine bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae): results of a translocation experiment." Oikos 94.2 (2001): 337–343.〕 This species of bee is an important pollinator of other plants in southeastern Australia, so thus it can be seen how ''C. australis'' is indirectly supportive of other plants in its ecosystem. ''C. australis'' is a relatively hardy species and a popular landscape and container plant. Provided moisture levels remain high, it will tolerate frost and full sun, or shade in warmer regions. Although well known in its native country, this species is not common in cultivation outside of Australia. In the horticultural trade, most plants labeled as ''C. australis'' are in fact ''Cyathea cooperi''. Much confusion has existed between the two, especially in the United States, although they are quite distinct from one another. ''C. australis'' is relatively stout trunked and has a large number of closely spaced fronds emerging at one time,with a slower increase in trunk height. ''C. cooperi'' in contrast, grows more quickly with fewer fronds emerging each year and a much narrower trunk with the frond bases aligned vertically for some distance ("hugging" the trunk as it were), before arching outwards. ''C. australis'' is also a robust tub plant and tolerant of salty winds. It is a popular cool climate hardy tree-fern, and adaptable to a variety of climates and soils.〔http://www.angelfire.com/wa/margate/australis.html〕 ==References== *Braggins, John E. & Large, Mark F. 2004. ''Tree Ferns''. Timber Press, Inc., pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-88192-630-2 *(UNEP-WCMC Species Database: ''Cyathea australis'' ) *(Cold-Hardy Tree Ferns: ''Cyathea australis'' ) *(The International Plant Names Index: ''Cyathea australis'' ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cyathea australis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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